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S 1.5

Phoneme 

A phoneme is a speech sound. It's the smallest unit of sound that distinguishes one word from another. Since sounds cannot be written, we use letters to represent or stand for the sounds. When we teach reading we teach children which letters represent those sounds. For example – the word 'hat' has 3 phonemes – 'h' 'a' and 't'. In English, there are 44 phonemes, or word sounds that make up the language. They're divided into 19 consonants, 7 digraphs, 5 'r-controlled' sounds, 5 long vowels, 5 short vowels, 2 'oo' sounds, 2 diphthongs.

Local comprehension

Local comprehension is one of the skills, that helps to read a piece of text intensively to extract specific information from the text. Local comprehension skill is also called the intensive reading skill. It is one of the most important skills in language teaching. Local comprehension is the skill of reading a piece of text closely or intensely for the purpose of extracting specific information from the text. It is a reading strategy that focuses on: gaining a deeper and better understanding of the text.

Difference between intensive and extensive reading

What are the three stages in the process of critical reading? (2 mark)

These three phases of critical reading are pre-reading, while-reading and after-reading phases. Each of them has its own important role. They are all necessary parts of a reading activity. In language classrooms, these phases have to be put in consideration in order to achieve to develop students' reading skills.

            To encourage students to use effective strategies when reading the teacher can develop simple exercises to elicit information via targeted strategies.These are---

    "Pre-reading" (warm-up, into, before reading) activities introduce students to a particular text, elicit or provide appropriate background knowledge, and activate necessary schemata (Ibid: 16). Previewing a text with students should arouse their interest and help them approach the text in a more meaningful and purposeful manner as the discussion compels them to think about the situation or points rose in a text.

    "While-reading" (during, through reading) exercises help students develop reading strategies, improve their control of the foreign language, and decode problematic text passages.The teacher can pinpoint valuable strategies, explain which strategies individuals most need to practice, and offer concrete exercises in the form of "guided reading" activity sheets.

    "Post-reading" (after, follow-up, beyond reading) exercises first check students' comprehension and then lead students to a deeper analysis of the text.

The three-language formula

According to the National Education Policy of 1968, the three-language formula means that a third language (apart from Hindi and English), which should belong to Modern India, should be used for education in Hindi-speaking states. 

• First language: It will be the mother tongue or regional language.
• Second language: In Hindi speaking states, it will be other modern Indian languages or English. In non-Hindi speaking states, it will be Hindi or English.
• Third Language: In Hindi speaking states, it will be English or a modern Indian language. In the non-Hindi speaking state, it will be English or a modern Indian language.

super segmental features of the english sound system

supra-segmental, also called prosodic feature, in phonetics, a speech feature such as stress, tone, or word juncture that accompanies or is added over consonants and vowels; these features are not limited to single sounds but often extend over syllables, words, or phrases.

 the importance of inferential reading for your language class

Inferential comprehension is the ability to process written information and understand the underlying meaning of the text. This information is then used to infer or determine deeper meaning that is not explicitly stated. 

          Teaching students to “read inferentially” helps them learn how to read more strategically. This strategy helps students make connections between their personal experiences and their comprehension of a text. this strategy focuses on their thinking and how new information reshapes their prior knowledge. Inferential reading can be taught using a variety of reading material beyond assigned textbooks As students develop inferential reading skills they learn to: 

• 1. understand the intonation of characters’ words and relationships to one another
• 2. provide explanations for ideas that are presented in the text 
• 3. offer details for events or their own explanations of the events 
• 4. recognize the author’s view of the world including the author’s biases
• 5. offer conclusions from facts presented in the text 
• 6. relate what is happening in the text to their own knowledge of the world.

Function words are words that exist to explain or create grammatical or structural relationships into which the content words may fit. Words like "of," "the," "to," they have little meaning on their own. They are much fewer in number and generally do not change as English adds and omits content words.

How to create language rich Class rooms:

Why is a Language-Rich Environment in the Early Years Important?

1. language-rich Classroom helps children to develop grater abilities to read and communicate through writing.

2. language-rich Classroom helps teachers to foaster greater grains in students language development. 

3. language-rich Classroom helps children to increase their comprehension across all subjects.

4. In a language rich classroom the teacher can foaster all aspects of language in young children.

Global Comprehension means understanding the meaning of what you listening and reading. While reading any novel or play the things you grab from it, understand it and decode in your own sense while reading is a global comprehension and when a person listen to someone reading, listen to someone doing a play make sense on what is coming into his or her ears by air sensation and understand by his or her own words and understand it. This is what global comprehension is all about.

difference between skimming and scanning